Herbal Craft

Lesson Eleven - Herbal Craft

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What is an Herb?

Herbs are plants. Some define the word herb as any soft, green plant. But the word may used to refer to all plants that have any use, from medicinal to culinary to the flowers in your garden.
Since the beginning of time herbs have been used for food, medicine, clothing, smoking, smelling, cleaning, and many other applications. Go to the market and look at the spice section, and you can find most of the common culinary herbs, many of which have properties that go far beyond just flavoring a pot of stew. But there are many more than what you would find there. Some can even be found in your backyard or in the wild.
We will deal with numerous topics relating to the use, cultivation, preservation and of course, the Magickal applications of herbs.

History

It is generally accepted that first accounts of usage of herbs occurred circa 2000 B.C. in Babylon. They described tried and tested medicinal uses of herbs, and included reference to many herbs we still use today such as thyme and bay leaves.
Ancient herbals, including those of Cathay, Sumer, Assyria, Egypt, Greece and Rome, testify to the use of spices and herbs in the treatment of disease. Hippocrates, Galen, and Pedanius Dioscorides, among others, employed them.
In the 1st century of the Christian Era, Pliny the Elder, in his great encyclopedia of nature and art in 37 books the Historia Naturalis, (the only one of his works that has been preserved) extols at length the efficacy and healing powers of spices and herbs in the treatment of just about every ailment known in his day. Such attributes, with some moderation, filtered down into the Middle Ages and early modern times. Herbal Craft has been largely ignored in current times and has been relegated for the most part to mere culinary usage.
In those early eras only the wealthy could indulge in the use of imported spices and herbs, and this was apparently true all over the world. Marco Polo observed, in 13th-century Cathay, that the higher class of people ate meat that had been preserved in several of their spices, but the poor had to be content with meat steeped in garlic juice. Fortunately for us we have access to virtually any herb we can think of, either by growing them or purchasing them.

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Terms and Definitions

This section covers the generally used terminology of the Herbalist. We also invite you to visit the Alphabetic Herbal Reference for information on individual herbs.

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Alterative - Modifies nutrition in order to overcome morbid condition.
Anodyne - Eases pain.
Anthelmintic - Expels or destroys intestinal worms.
Antacid - Corrects acid conditions in stomach, blood and bowels.
Antibiotic - Inhibits growth and destroys viruses and bacteria.
Anticatarrhal - Eliminates mucous conditions.
Antiemetic - Relieves stomach sickness; prevents vomiting.
Antipyretic - Reduces fevers also called a refrigerant.
Antilithic - Helps prevent the formation of gravel and stones.
Antiseptic - Prevents the growth of bacteria.
Antispasmodic - Relieves convulsions and cramps.
Aperient - Mild laxative; softens stool without purging.
Aphrodisiac - Corrects impotence; balances sexual powers.
Aromatic - Has fragrant smell; agreeable pungent taste.
Astringent - Increases tissue tone, firmness; contracts tissue.
Cardiac - Increases the power of the heart.
Carminative - Expels gas from the stomach, intestines, and bowels.
Cathartic - Causes rapid evacuation of the bowels.
Cholagogue - Promotes the flow of bile.
Condiment - Used to season foods and increase digestive activity.
Demulcent - Relieves internal inflammation gives protective coating.
Deobstruent - Overcomes obstructions; aperient.
Diaphoretic - Increases perspiration; Stimulating - Neutral Relaxing.
Discutient - Dissolves and removes tumors and abnormal growths.
Diuretic Increases flow of urine; removes water from the body.
Emetic - Induces vomiting.
Emmenagogue - Promotes menstrual flow
Emollient - Applied externally to soften and soothe skin.
Expectorant - Removes mucous from nose, throat, lungs and bronchial passages.
Febrifuge - Reduces fever.
Fumatory - When burned produces aromatic smoke, used for cleansing.
Glactagogue - Promotes secretion of nursing milk.
Hemostatic - Stops internal bleeding or hemorrhaging.
Hepatic - Strengthens, tones and stimulates liver secretions.
Laxative - Promotes bowel action; a mild purgative.
Lithotriptic - Stimulates and cleanses the lymphatic system.
Mucilaginous - Soothes inflammation.
Nervine - A tonic to the nervous system.
Nutritive - Supplies substantial nutrients for building and toning.
Opthalmic - Heals diseases of the eye.
Oxytocic - Assists labor and promotes easy childbirth.
Parasiticide - Kills and removes parasites from the skin.
Pectorals - Helps relieve chest and respiratory problems.
Purgative - Causes strong bowel movement.
Rubefacient - Causes redness and increased blood supply to the skin.
Sedative - Reduces excitement and nervous reactions.
Sialagogue - Promotes increased flow of saliva.
Stimulant - Increases energy; quickens actions of the system.
Stomachic - Gives strength and tone to the stomach.
Styptic - Contracts tissues or blood vessels; Checks bleeding.
Tonic - Increases energy and systemic tone through nutrition.
Vermicide - Expels and destroys worms without expulsion from the bowels.
Vermifuge - Expels and destroys worms by expelling from the bowels, heals cuts, burns, and wounds.
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Cultivation

One of the most practical means of providing herbs is to grow them yourself. Personally, we find an added pleasure and sense of energy from those herbs that are 'homegrown'. Whether you live in a house or an apartment, given some sunlight, soil and water it is possible to grow most herbs.
Some herbs are simply not practical to attempt to grow, such as certain tropical or exotic ones for which no source of seeds or seedling plants are readily available. They are a variety of reliable mail-order sources listed on the main Herbal page.

Since all herbs have their roots (no pun intended) as wild plants, growing requirements are much less critical than for many modern hybridized plants. For the most part simple garden soil or potting mix is perfectly fine for those plants we will discuss.

Fertility of the soil is equally insignificant; in fact most herbs thrive with no addition of soil amendments such as chemical fertilizers. We would stress our position of avoiding their use regardless, since organic products are readily available and practical.

Full sunlight is preferred, at least six to eight hours of bright or direct sun daily is generally considered a minimum requirement. If you can grow tomatoes you can grow herbs.

Water requirements for those plants grown in the garden are the same as for any usual vegetable crop. Container gardening requires a bit more care. Avoid over watering which will encourage a rotting root system and observe weather conditions during hot dry periods - you may have to supplement the water requirements during those times.

Temperature is about the same as for any other plant. Treat your herbs as you would your other garden plants and you will be quite successful. If you are fortunate enough to live in a tropical region you might even be able to grow some more exotic plants. We have grown ginger in a container from a fresh root purchased in the grocery store.

Preservation

There are a number of methods of preserving your herbs, the oldest and most common of which is drying. Typically herbs are harvested in the autumn but can certainly be done at any time during the season.

Drying and Storing

Collect the herb plant that you plan to dry in the morning on a dry day after the dew has evaporated. Some say to wait until there are two consecutive days without any rain before you gather the herbs but that is not really critical; just be sure they are dry to avoid mildew.
Remove any soil from the leaves. It is best to not wash leaves unless absolutely necessary; if needed rinse with a spray of water and allow to dry before harvesting. Once the leaves are removed from the plant avoid exposing them to sun as the heat causes loss of essential oils.
Place cut plants or leaves in a flat-bottomed basket or plate. If placed in a bag the leaves will tend to become bruised and begin to sweat, and essential oil is lost and flavor, in the case of culinary herbs, is diminished.
A spot such as a closet, attic, or garden shed that is warm, dry, and dark with good ventilation are ideal places to hang the herbs or place the basket to dry.
Several days and up to two weeks are approximate drying times with an average temperature of about 80F in the drying room or closet.
Hang stems of leaves of such favorites as sage, savory, oregano, marjoram, tarragon, dill, rosemary, catnip and mint tied with twine in small bunches upside down to dry. No more than about a dozen stems should be tied together. Hang the bunches of stems with their stems turned upward. Hang stems not too tightly so air can circulate through the tied bunch of leaves. A brown paper bag can be placed loosely over the bunches if they are died in an a dusty area; be sure the bottom end of the bag remains open.
After the leaves have dried, remove them from stems. Try keeping them whole when placing them into jars - this will help retain fragrance and freshness longer; canning jars work quite well. Leaves should be broken only if they cannot fit into the jar; crush leaves when ready to use. Herbs should be stored away from sunlight in a cool, dark cupboard. Label and date the jars. If condensation appears on the glass, herbs need to be dried longer.
For drying smaller quantities of herbs, spread leaves on cheesecloth or muslin stretched over a wire cooling rack or drying frame. When leaves are dry to the touch like cornflakes, remove leaves from stems. Follow the above procedure and place in airtight glass bottles or jars for storage. The scent and flavor quality of dried herbs usually deteriorate, so they should be replaced yearly.

More Methods for Preserving Herbs

Some herbs freeze better than drying them; this is particularly true of culinary herbs. Among others, chives, tarragon, parsley, and salad burnet are well suited to this approach. Placed in an ice cube tray filled with water the cube is equal to one tablespoon of fresh herbs. To preserve larger quantity of herbs store small labeled packages in the freezer. Basil leaves can be frozen packed in olive oil so the leaves do not turn black.

Note: The artwork in the border of this page is Celtic Knotwork. You may be interested to know that a variety elaborate knotwork was a product of Celtic artisans and is featured in their jewelry, stone work and other products. Also there is a long tradition of Herbal Craft within that culture. We will begin to explore those aspects in the next lesson.

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